{"id":39269,"date":"2025-03-31T12:34:28","date_gmt":"2025-03-31T09:34:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/typetype.org\/ar\/?p=39269"},"modified":"2026-02-03T00:42:51","modified_gmt":"2026-02-02T21:42:51","slug":"special-characters-and-punctuation-marks-in-fonts-guide-to-typographical-symbols","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/typetype.org\/ar\/blog\/special-characters-and-punctuation-marks-in-fonts-guide-to-typographical-symbols\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637: \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"\r\n
\"\"<\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

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\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0645<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u064a \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635. \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0645:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 (.)<\/strong> \u2014 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\"\"<\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 (\u060c)<\/strong> \u2014 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\"\"<\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0630\u0641 (…)<\/strong> \u2014 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644. \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\"\"<\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062c\u0628 (!)<\/strong> \u2014 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0634\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062c\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\"\"<\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0645 (\u061f)<\/strong> \u2014 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0630\u0641 (\u061f..) \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062c\u0628 (\u061f!).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\"\"<\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u062a\u0627\u0646 (:)<\/strong> \u2014 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\"\"<\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0637\u0629 (\u061b)<\/strong> \u2014 \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\"\"<\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 (\u2014)<\/strong> \u2014 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0630\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u062e\u0637\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 (-)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\"\"<\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 (\u201c\u201d<\/strong> \u0623\u0648 \u00ab \u00bb)<\/strong> \u2014 \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632\u064a.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\"\"<\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0648\u062a (\u00b4)<\/strong> \u2014 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u063a\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\"\"<\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0633 (`)<\/strong> \u2014 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u063a\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\"\"<\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0633 (^)<\/strong> \u2014 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u063a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\"\"<\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0627 (~)<\/strong> \u2014 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 (\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644) \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\"\"<\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628)<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 (\u2020)\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 “\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u062c\u0631”\u060c “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0629”\u060c \u0623\u0648 “\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0629”. \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0634\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\"\"<\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0643 <\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 (*)<\/strong> \u0647\u064a \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u062a \u0634\u0639\u0628. \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0634\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0643 (\u2020)<\/strong> \u2014 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u0649 “\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u062c\u0631” (\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\"\"<\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u062c\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0643 \u0643\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0634\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0646\u062f<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

 \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0646\u062f (&)<\/strong> \u0647\u0648 \u0631\u0645\u0632 (\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a) \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0641 “\u0648”. \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0646\u062f \u0643\u0640 “\u0644\u064a\u063a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627” \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 “et”\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 “et” \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a “\u0648”. \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\"\"<\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0623\u0648\u0643\u062a\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0628 (\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629)<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u062a\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 (#)<\/strong>\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0640 “\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629” \u0623\u0648 “\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0627\u063a”. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u0645 “\u0623\u0648\u0643\u062a\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0628” \u0641\u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 “octothorpe” (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a “\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641”).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\"\"<\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 (\u00b6)<\/strong> \u0647\u064a \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629. \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a C\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 “capitulum”\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a “\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644” \u0623\u0648 “\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628”.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\"\"<\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641 (\u00a7)<\/strong> \u2014 \u0647\u0648 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062a. \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 “satz” (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a “\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629” \u0623\u0648 “\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629”).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\"\"<\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629  <\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: <\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

    \r\n
  • \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 ($)  <\/strong><\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
  • \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0648 (\u20ac)  <\/strong><\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
  • \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a (\u00a3)<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
    \"\"<\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

    \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

     \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 (\u00a9)<\/strong> \u0647\u0648 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

    \"\"<\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

    \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

    \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u00ae) \u0623\u0648 (\u2122)<\/strong> \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0638\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

    \"\"<\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

    \u0631\u0645\u0632 “\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0628”<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

    \u0631\u0645\u0632 “\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0628” (@)<\/strong> \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 “at” \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u0623\u0648 “\u0625\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629”). \u0647\u0648 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628) \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

    \"\"<\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

    \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

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